Patulin

Synonyms

(2,4-Dihydroxy-2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid, 3,4-lactone; (2,4-Dihydroxy-2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid-3,4-lactone; 2,4-Dihydroxy-2H-pyran-delta-3(6H),alpha-acetic acid-3,4-lactone; 2H-Pyran-delta(sup 3(6H),alpha)-acetic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy-, 3,4-lactone; 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one; 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one; 4,6-Dihydro-4-hydroxy-2H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2-one; Acetic acid, (2,4-dihydroxy-2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)-, 3,4-lactone; Clairformin; Clavacin; Clavatin; Claviform; Claviformin; Expansin; Expansine; Gigantin; Leucopin; Mycoin; Mycoin C; Mycoin C3; Mycoine C3; Mycosin; Patuline; Penatin; Penicidin; Tercinin; Terinin; [ChemIDplus] UN3462

Category

Mycotoxins

Description

Solid; [Merck Index] Colorless or white odorless solid; [HSDB] White crystalline solid; [Aldrich MSDS]

Sources/Uses

Mycotoxin metabolite of many molds that possesses antibacterial, antiviral, and antiprotozoal properties but is toxic to plants and animals; One of the most common sources of contamination is from the blue mold (Penicillium expansum) that causes soft rot of apples, cherries, and other fruit; Also found often in unfermented apple juice; [Reference #1] Antibiotic metabolites derived from various fungi in the Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Gymnoascus species; [Merck Index] Mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium species found in unfermented apple juice and grape juice and field crops; [ChemIDplus] Mycotoxin found on fruits, vegetables, grains, and other foods; Also produced by the fungi Byssochlamys nivea; Purified form included in analytical reagent kit used as a standard for mycotoxins; Formerly used as a topical antibiotic cream; [HSDB]

Comments

No direct or conclusive evidence for natural poisoning, although has been shown to be toxic at high concentrations in the laboratory; [Reference #1] Causes irritation when applied dermally to humans; Oral administration in humans causes stomach irritation, nausea, and vomiting; [HSDB] The major sources of dietary exposure are from apples and apple juice made from contaminated fruit; A provisional maximum tolerated daily intake (PMTDI) of 0.0004 mg/kg was set in 1995; [JECFA] Toxic to liver in oral lethal-dose studies of mice; [RTECS] An irritant; Fatal by ingestion; [Aldrich MSDS]

Reference Link #1

Biomedical References

6.8E-06 mm Hg

Explanatory Notes

The Guide in the Emergency Response Guidebook is for "Toxins, extracted from living sources, solid, n.o.s."

Hepatoxic (a) from occupational exposure (secondary effect) or (b) in animal studies or in humans after ingestion

Not classifiable

Other Information

No other related information on this agent was found.