d-Limonene

Synonyms

(+)-(4R)-Limonene; (+)-4-Isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene; (+)-Dipentene; (+)-Limonene; (+)-R-Limonene; (+)-alpha-Limonene; (+)-p-Mentha-1,8-diene; (4R)-(+)-Limonene; (4R)-Limonene; (R)-(+)-Limonene; (R)-(+)-p-Mentha-1,8-diene; (R)-1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexene; (R)-4-Isopropenyl-1-methyl-1-cyclohexene; (R)-Limonene; (R)-p-Mentha-1,8-diene; 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexene, (R)-; Biogenic SE 374; Carvene; Citrene; D-(+)-Limonene; EC 7;Glidesafe; Glidsafe; Kautschiin; Limonene, (+)-; Refchole; d-(+)-Limonene; d-Limonene; d-Limonene (natural); d-Limoneno [Spanish]; d-p-Mentha-1,8-diene; p-Mentha-1,8-diene, (R)-(+)-; [ChemIDplus] UN1993; UN2319; UN2052

Category

Terpenes

Description

Liquid; [HSDB]

Sources/Uses

Used in flavorings, fragrances, and cosmetics and as a solvent and wetting agent; Also used to make resins, insecticides, insect repellants, and animal repellants; [HSDB]

Comments

d-Limonene is a liquid with a pleasant lemon-like odor. It is used as a solvent to replace chlorinated hydrocarbons and other more volatile and toxic organic solvents. It readily oxidizes when in contact with air. The oxidized form of d-limonene is a known skin sensitizer. [HSDB] A skin and eye irritant that may cause skin sensitization; [ICSC] The racemic mixture of d-limonene and l-limonene is called limonene or dipentene (138-86-3). [Kanerva, p. 1789] Estimated lethal dose orally for humans is 0.5 to 5 g/kg; Healthy men had diarrhea after an oral dose of 20 grams; Liver effects were noted in a chronic high-dose feeding study of mice; [AIHA] See "Limonene" and "l-Limonene."

Reference Link #1

Biomedical References

5 ppm

1.98 mm Hg

Explanatory Notes

Flash point = 48 deg C;

75-95% excreted within 2-3 days; [AIHA]

Reference Link #2

high ambient temp required

Yes

Acute solvent syndrome

Hepatoxic (a) from occupational exposure (secondary effect) or (b) in animal studies or in humans after ingestion

Not classifiable

Diseases

Occupational diseases associated with exposure to this agent:

• Contact dermatitis, allergic
• Solvents, acute toxic effect

Processes

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:

• Metal Degreasing

Activities

Activities with risk of exposure:

• Smoking cigarettes